Constraining the cosmic-ray pressure in the inner Virgo Cluster using H.E.S.S. observations of M 87
F Aharonian
,
F. Ait Benkhali
,
C Arcaro
,
J Aschersleben
,
M Backes
,
V Barbosa Martins
,
R Batzofin
,
Y Becherini
(1)
,
D Berge
,
K Bernlöhr
,
B Bi
,
M Böttcher
,
C Boisson
(2)
,
J Bolmont
(3)
,
J Borowska
,
F Bradascio
(4)
,
M Breuhaus
,
R Brose
,
F Brun
(4)
,
B Bruno
,
T Bulik
,
C Burger-Scheidlin
,
T Bylund
,
S Caroff
(5)
,
S Casanova
,
R Cecil
,
J Celic
,
M Cerruti
(1)
,
T Chand
,
S Chandra
,
A Chen
,
J Chibueze
,
O Chibueze
,
G Cotter
,
J. Damascene Mbarubucyeye
,
A Djannati-Ataï
(1)
,
K Egberts
,
J.-P Ernenwein
(6)
,
G. Fichet de Clairfontaine
(2)
,
M Filipovic
,
G Fontaine
(7)
,
M Füßling
,
S Funk
,
S Gabici
(1)
,
S Ghafourizadeh
,
G Giavitto
,
D Glawion
,
J.F Glicenstein
(4)
,
P Goswami
,
G Grolleron
(3)
,
M.-H Grondin
(8)
,
L Haerer
,
M Haupt
,
G Hermann
,
J.A Hinton
,
T.L Holch
,
D Horns
,
M Jamrozy
,
F Jankowsky
,
V Joshi
,
I Jung-Richardt
,
E Kasai
,
K Katarzyński
,
R Khatoon
,
B Khélifi
(1)
,
W Kluźniak
,
Nu Komin
,
K Kosack
(4)
,
D Kostunin
,
R.G Lang
,
S Le Stum
(6)
,
F Leitl
,
A Lemière
(1)
,
M Lemoine-Goumard
(8)
,
J.-P Lenain
(3)
,
F Leuschner
,
T Lohse
,
A Luashvili
(2)
,
I Lypova
,
J Mackey
,
D Malyshev
,
D Malyshev
,
V Marandon
,
P Marchegiani
,
A Marcowith
(9)
,
P Marinos
,
G Martí-Devesa
,
R Marx
,
M Meyer
,
A Mitchell
,
R Moderski
,
L Mohrmann
,
A Montanari
(4)
,
E Moulin
(4)
,
J Muller
(7)
,
K Nakashima
,
M de Naurois
(7)
,
J Niemiec
,
A. Priyana Noel
,
P O'Brien
,
S Ohm
,
L Olivera-Nieto
,
E de Ona Wilhelmi
,
S Panny
,
M Panter
,
R.D Parsons
,
G Peron
(1)
,
S Pita
(1)
,
D.A Prokhorov
,
H Prokoph
,
G Pühlhofer
,
A Quirrenbach
,
P Reichherzer
(4)
,
A Reimer
,
O Reimer
,
M Renaud
(9)
,
F Rieger
,
G Rowell
,
B Rudak
,
E Ruiz-Velasco
,
V Sahakian
,
H Salzmann
,
D.A Sanchez
(5)
,
A Santangelo
,
M Sasaki
,
J Schäfer
,
F Schüssler
(4)
,
U Schwanke
,
J.N.S Shapopi
,
H Sol
(2)
,
A Specovius
,
S Spencer
,
Ł Stawarz
,
R Steenkamp
,
S Steinmassl
,
C Steppa
,
I Sushch
,
H Suzuki
,
T Takahashi
,
T Tanaka
,
A.M Taylor
,
R Terrier
(1)
,
M Tsirou
,
N Tsuji
,
Y Uchiyama
,
C van Eldik
,
B van Soelen
,
M Vecchi
,
J Veh
,
C Venter
,
J Vink
,
T Wach
,
S.J Wagner
,
R White
,
A Wierzcholska
,
Yu Wun Wong
,
M Zacharias
,
D Zargaryan
,
A.A Zdziarski
,
A Zech
(2)
,
S Zouari
(1)
,
N Żywucka
1
APC (UMR_7164) -
AstroParticule et Cosmologie
2 LUTH (UMR_8102) - Laboratoire Univers et Théories
3 LPNHE (UMR_7585) - Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies
4 IRFU - Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers
5 LAPP - Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules
6 CPPM - Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille
7 LLR - Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet
8 LP2I - Bordeaux - Laboratoire de Physique des Deux Infinis Bordeaux
9 LUPM - Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier
2 LUTH (UMR_8102) - Laboratoire Univers et Théories
3 LPNHE (UMR_7585) - Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies
4 IRFU - Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers
5 LAPP - Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules
6 CPPM - Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille
7 LLR - Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet
8 LP2I - Bordeaux - Laboratoire de Physique des Deux Infinis Bordeaux
9 LUPM - Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier
F Aharonian
- Function : Author
F. Ait Benkhali
- Function : Author
C Arcaro
- Function : Author
J Aschersleben
- Function : Author
M Backes
- Function : Author
V Barbosa Martins
- Function : Author
R Batzofin
- Function : Author
Y Becherini
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 932592
- ORCID : 0000-0002-2115-2930
- IdRef : 25614138X
D Berge
- Function : Author
K Bernlöhr
- Function : Author
B Bi
- Function : Author
M Böttcher
- Function : Author
J Borowska
- Function : Author
M Breuhaus
- Function : Author
R Brose
- Function : Author
B Bruno
- Function : Author
T Bulik
- Function : Author
C Burger-Scheidlin
- Function : Author
T Bylund
- Function : Author
S Casanova
- Function : Author
R Cecil
- Function : Author
J Celic
- Function : Author
T Chand
- Function : Author
S Chandra
- Function : Author
A Chen
- Function : Author
J Chibueze
- Function : Author
O Chibueze
- Function : Author
G Cotter
- Function : Author
J. Damascene Mbarubucyeye
- Function : Author
K Egberts
- Function : Author
M Filipovic
- Function : Author
M Füßling
- Function : Author
S Funk
- Function : Author
S Ghafourizadeh
- Function : Author
G Giavitto
- Function : Author
D Glawion
- Function : Author
P Goswami
- Function : Author
L Haerer
- Function : Author
M Haupt
- Function : Author
G Hermann
- Function : Author
J.A Hinton
- Function : Author
T.L Holch
- Function : Author
D Horns
- Function : Author
M Jamrozy
- Function : Author
F Jankowsky
- Function : Author
V Joshi
- Function : Author
I Jung-Richardt
- Function : Author
E Kasai
- Function : Author
K Katarzyński
- Function : Author
R Khatoon
- Function : Author
W Kluźniak
- Function : Author
Nu Komin
- Function : Author
D Kostunin
- Function : Author
R.G Lang
- Function : Author
F Leitl
- Function : Author
F Leuschner
- Function : Author
T Lohse
- Function : Author
I Lypova
- Function : Author
J Mackey
- Function : Author
D Malyshev
- Function : Author
D Malyshev
- Function : Author
V Marandon
- Function : Author
P Marchegiani
- Function : Author
P Marinos
- Function : Author
G Martí-Devesa
- Function : Author
R Marx
- Function : Author
M Meyer
- Function : Author
A Mitchell
- Function : Author
R Moderski
- Function : Author
L Mohrmann
- Function : Author
K Nakashima
- Function : Author
J Niemiec
- Function : Author
A. Priyana Noel
- Function : Author
P O'Brien
- Function : Author
S Ohm
- Function : Author
L Olivera-Nieto
- Function : Author
E de Ona Wilhelmi
- Function : Author
S Panny
- Function : Author
M Panter
- Function : Author
R.D Parsons
- Function : Author
D.A Prokhorov
- Function : Author
H Prokoph
- Function : Author
G Pühlhofer
- Function : Author
A Quirrenbach
- Function : Author
A Reimer
- Function : Author
O Reimer
- Function : Author
F Rieger
- Function : Author
G Rowell
- Function : Author
B Rudak
- Function : Author
E Ruiz-Velasco
- Function : Author
V Sahakian
- Function : Author
H Salzmann
- Function : Author
A Santangelo
- Function : Author
M Sasaki
- Function : Author
J Schäfer
- Function : Author
U Schwanke
- Function : Author
J.N.S Shapopi
- Function : Author
A Specovius
- Function : Author
S Spencer
- Function : Author
Ł Stawarz
- Function : Author
R Steenkamp
- Function : Author
S Steinmassl
- Function : Author
C Steppa
- Function : Author
I Sushch
- Function : Author
H Suzuki
- Function : Author
T Takahashi
- Function : Author
T Tanaka
- Function : Author
A.M Taylor
- Function : Author
M Tsirou
- Function : Author
N Tsuji
- Function : Author
Y Uchiyama
- Function : Author
C van Eldik
- Function : Author
B van Soelen
- Function : Author
M Vecchi
- Function : Author
J Veh
- Function : Author
C Venter
- Function : Author
J Vink
- Function : Author
T Wach
- Function : Author
S.J Wagner
- Function : Author
R White
- Function : Author
A Wierzcholska
- Function : Author
Yu Wun Wong
- Function : Author
M Zacharias
- Function : Author
D Zargaryan
- Function : Author
A.A Zdziarski
- Function : Author
N Żywucka
- Function : Author
Abstract
The origin of the gamma-ray emission from M87 is currently a matter of debate. This work aims to localize the VHE (100 GeV-100 TeV) gamma-ray emission from M87 and probe a potential extended hadronic emission component in the inner Virgo Cluster. The search for a steady and extended gamma-ray signal around M87 can constrain the cosmic-ray energy density and the pressure exerted by the cosmic rays onto the intra-cluster medium, and allow us to investigate the role of the cosmic rays in the active galactic nucleus feedback as a heating mechanism in the Virgo Cluster. H.E.S.S. telescopes are sensitive to VHE gamma rays and have been utilized to observe M87 since 2004. We utilized a Bayesian block analysis to identify M87 emission states with H.E.S.S. observations from 2004 until 2021, dividing them into low, intermediate, and high states. Because of the causality argument, an extended ($\gtrsim$kpc) signal is allowed only in steady emission states. Hence, we fitted the morphology of the 120h low state data and found no significant gamma-ray extension. Therefore, we derived for the low state an upper limit of 58"(corresponding to $\approx$4.6kpc) in the extension of a single-component morphological model described by a rotationally symmetric 2D Gaussian model at 99.7% confidence level. Our results exclude the radio lobes ($\approx$30 kpc) as the principal component of the VHE gamma-ray emission from the low state of M87. The gamma-ray emission is compatible with a single emission region at the radio core of M87. These results, with the help of two multiple-component models, constrain the maximum cosmic-ray to thermal pressure ratio $X_{{CR,max.}}$$\lesssim$$0.32$ and the total energy in cosmic-ray protons (CRp) to $U_{CR}$$\lesssim$5$\times10^{58}$ erg in the inner 20kpc of the Virgo Cluster for an assumed CRp power-law distribution in momentum with spectral index $\alpha_{p}$=2.1.
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